Control of food in KFC - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 805 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Food Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Fast Food Essay Did you like this example? CONTROL OF FOOD QUALITY IN KFC In theory an employer must eliminate risks, or if not control them to the fullest extent possible. In the fast food industry there are certain regulations that are intended to eliminate the risk of bad food quality but these regulations do not eliminate the ability of a fast food outlet to produce food that is harmful to those who consume it. For example the Food Act (2003) and the Food Regulation Act (2004), that cover issues such as food standards and handling operations (The Hills Shire Council, 2009, website) There are two sections needed for successful OHS management in the fast food industry; the appropriate procedures in place and the implementation of them by employees and management. KFC headquarters would have strict policies and practices in place but if management and the employees do not abide by them then they are useless. The hierarchy of control highlights the best option for risk control being elimination. Elimination is t he entire removal of hazards hence there being no risk on health and safety. If elimination cannot be achieved measures should be taken to minimise or control the risk. These include substitution, isolation, engineering, administration and personal protective equipment. Substitution is the use of less hazardous process, plant or substance. Isolation is to separate hazard from the person at risk with distance or time. Engineering is such examples as guards or changing work design. Administration is the organisation of safer work practices, provide training and supervision of OHS. PPE should only be used as a last resort in measures to minimise risk (OHS Risk Management Handout, 2009). KFC upper management would have a solid procedure in place for managing food quality however; due to the recent issues in their outlets a review of the procedure is needed. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a popular 7 step method that food related industries use to eliminate risk s of poor food quality. KFC should compare and contrast their current practices with the 7 step HACCP. 1. Assess hazards and potential risks 2. Identify control points in contamination, cooking, cooling and hygiene 3. Set up procedures to ensure safety is maintained at critical control points 4. Monitor control points through correct signage, tools and training materials 5. Take corrective action as soon as a critical point is in jeopardy 6. Set up record keeping to log all flow charts and temperature checks 7. Ensure the system is kept up with (Mealey, 2009). KFC is a massively successful organisation and would clearly have policies in place like this to eliminate the occurrence of food quality issues. Therefore the problem must lie within management’s supervision of the OHS and the employee’s motivation to abide by the procedures. This issue should use administration to minimise the risk. This involves organising safer work practices, providing training, instru ction and supervision of OHS practices. The most prominent point here is the instruction and supervision by management. The KFC line managers or duty managers are important is ensuring that all work practices are safe in the preparation and serving of the food in their restaurants. Workers in fast food chains are often younger, have lower literacy rates, less motivated, earn less money and are less experienced therefore they posses less attention and knowledge of safety (Stellman, 1998, p. 8. 2). This reinforces the fact that line managers play an essential role in enforcing safety is controlled in the KFC kitchens. Colleen discusses how safety in food is heavily focused on manager’s role in motivating employees to abide by safety standards. There are six motivational areas for supervisors to focus on when attempting to achieve optimal OHS in terms of food quality. They are: 1. Establishing policy and standards 2. Expecting accountability 3. Serving as role models 4. Controll ing rewarding or punishing 5. Providing training 6. Providing resources Through looking into the demographics of the workers in fast food chains and the attitudes they posses towards safety, the use of supervisors is critical in maintaining health and safety in the KFC kitchen. If these supervisors can abide by the 6 measures of motivation above then safety will become much more evident. These motivational tools should be used in combination with the 7 step HACCP process as well as procedures KFC would already have in place such as; induction training, refresher training, record keeping and random health checks. REFERENCES The Hills District Council, (2009), Health and Safety Standards, Food Regulations, www. ustlii. edu. au/au/legis/ Colleen. B, (2009), Supervisors Critical in Retail Food Safety, www. foodquality. com/mag/ Hollera. E, (1999), Private Incentives for Adopting Food Safety and Quality Assurance, Vol. 24, Iss. 6, p. 669-683 Amankwa. P, (1999), Food Research Institute , ‘Quality and Process Control in the Food Industry’ (Whole Article) Stellman. J. M, (2004), Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th Edition, Vol. 3, p. 98. 2-98. 4 News. com. au, (2009), ‘KFC stores at Hurstville and Miranda fined $73,000 for poor hygiene’, 12/3/09 Mealey. L, (2009), About. com: Restaurant, ‘Food Safety Rules and Regulations’ Don’t waste time! 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Deviance Deviance And Social Deviance - 1754 Words

Deviance in Subcultures Our society is made up of many subcultures that have different beliefs, norms, and morals as we do. A subculture is a distinct group within the larger culture that has its own subset of norms, values, behaviors, or characteristics. Subcultures are seen everywhere whether it be a religion such as the Amish, or profession such as exotic dancing. Out society may see their behavior and norms as deviant, but to the members of the subculture it is normal, and our lifestyle is considered deviant. Throughout this paper concepts on subcultures will be explains, polygamy, the Amish, sexual deviance are just some of the topics that will be covered. Although most subcultures are hidden within our society, some subcultures are easily identified and singled out. Sexual deviance can be defined in many ways and is largely determined by community, culture, and context, sexual deviance may include exotic dancers, strippers, sex tourism, anonymous sex in public restrooms, bisexu ality, online sexual predators, prostitutes, premarital chastity, and many others. Some of the things listed are considered a profession, and how people make a living. Although to society these professions such as, stripping, exotic dancing, and prostitution are seen as deviant and unusual, their subculture believes it is just normal life. However, prostitution is seen as a crime in many areas, although in many places in Nevada it is legal. Nevada is home to many brothels that areShow MoreRelatedSocial Deviance As A Form Of Deviance962 Words   |  4 Pagesare the â€Å"ABCs† of deviance? Why are all three regarded as types of deviance? How can sociologists refer to traits or characteristics that are â€Å"not the person’s fault† as instances of deviance? Is this fair? Is it sociologically meaningful? What about belonging to a particular racial, national, or ethnic category--can this be regarded as a form of deviance? Why or why not? The beliefs and attributes the go against the societal expectations or norms are referred to as social deviance by sociologist.Read MoreSocial Deviance951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance Compiled by Parul Parihar As Young and Mack have pointed out, â€Å"No norm is always obeyed; no individual always conforms to every set of expectations†. Hence, deviance, that is, the act of going against the rules or norms is there everywhere. Deviant Behaviour such as knavery, cheating, adultery, unfairness, crime, malingering, immorality, dishonesty, betrayal, burglary, corruption, cunningness, sneakiness, wickednessRead MoreSocial Deviance826 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance Paper Deviance is defined as the violation of cultural norms. 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Conformity, which refers to â€Å"going along with peers, people of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior† (Schaefer, 2009), is one way soci al control occurs in a group level which influence the way weRead MoreSocial Deviance in the Media915 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance in the Media Amy Hanson SOC/100 January 24, 2016 Andrea Harris I will be taking a look at how social deviance is portrayed in the media today. The television program I will be discussing is the show Cops. Cops is a reality television program that first aired in 1989 and was created by John Langley and Malcom Barbour. The show takes a raw and edgy look at social deviance through the eyes of law enforcement officials. It is unconventional, in the sense that it is unscriptedRead MoreDeviance and Social Control1558 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is any infraction of norms, whether the violation being minor as jaywalking or as significant as raping someone. So you and I every day violate these societal norms no matter how big or small they may be. The heart of deviance is best explained by sociologist Howard S. Becker (1966), It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant. Different groups have different norms, maybe something deviant to a particular person may not be deviant to another (HenslinRead MoreProhibiti on And Social Deviance1115 Words   |  5 PagesSocial deviance spawns from the constructed social applications. The problem with social deviance, is it is a byproduct of social interactions based on the personal perspective and also a tempering of community perspective. The presence of man has dawned the creation of many things throughout human history. During the times of Prohibition there was a rise in social depravity that could be assumed by the presence or absence of alcohol. Alcohol itself is cheap to make and only requires a desire toRead MoreIs Deviance A Social Norm?973 Words   |  4 Pagesrealized how nerve racking breaking a social norm could be until I decided to purposely go around doing it for a day. For my deviance experiment, I decided to ask ten random people throughout my day on June 30th, 2016 if they wanted to play rock-paper-scissors. The game itself is harmless and fun, but the act of interacting with someone more than a simple â€Å"Hello, how are you? an d a quick I m fine, thanks became a deviant act. The textbook describes deviance as a â€Å"recognized violation of culturalRead MoreDeviance and Social Control2641 Words   |  11 PagesDeviance and Social Control Final Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for SOCL 101 Sociology By Social control is techniques and strategies used for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. All levels of society such as family, school, bureaucratic and government has some form of social control. Examples of family social control include obeying your parents rules, doing your homework and chores. School includes standards theyRead MoreEssay about Social Deviance1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Deviance Social deviance is a term that refers to forms of behavior and qualities of persons that others in society devalue and discredit. So what exactly is deviance? In this essay we are concerned with social deviance, not physiological deviations from the expected norm. In general, any behavior that does not conform to social norms is deviance; that is behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved of by a large number of people as a result. For societies

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing Free Essays

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing ShaQuanvia Jones Potomac College Pros and Cons of Outsourcing What do you do when you need a job done that someone else specializes in? Well, of course you would hire that person to do the job. For instance, when you have a company, there are many parts to the company and each part has a different specialization. So they hire people that can do that job. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Outsourcing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the same way with larger companies. They hire manufacturers and smaller companies that specialize in a certain job to do it for them. This is all called outsourcing. Even though it sounds like myriads of advantages, it also has some disadvantages also. What is outsourcing? Outsourcing is obtaining goods and services from an outside supplier. It is like a contract with someone or a company to do a particular job that they specialize in. A car factory would hire companies that make the different parts of the car. Since the company already has the supplies and machinery for the parts it would be cheaper. In this case, the company that is helping the car factory would be called a service provider. It is providing a service that it specializes in to a larger company. These service providers are also called third-party providers. This name is given because it is the provider behind the main provider. Outsourcing is done in many companies like insurance companies, grocery stores, and many of the big businesses. Pros of Outsourcing With outsourcing comes many pros, or advantages. Outsourcing is very popular in our country and internationally. It helps businesses focus on their priorities or their main functions instead of secondary tasks. For example, if a company was good in handling finances, it would be hired to handle only the finances. Outsourcing also reduces expenses by finding certain industries purposes in areas where important costs are cheaper. If you noticed, many of our clothes or shoes are made in China. This is an example of outsourcing but it is a certain type called offshoring. Offshoring is when companies are outsourcing to foreign countries. America does offshoring because it is cheaper to get goods from China. If outsourcing was not a dependent, a company would not have to worry about trying to communicate with another to get goods and services. By not doing outsourcing, a company will also know what is going on with its product and be aware of any incidents. Cons of Outsourcing Although there are many advantages to outsourcing, there are some disadvantages, or cons. Many of the disadvantages would come from communication. When a company is receiving or purchasing goods from another country, they have to have a way to understand their language. With the diverse languages, it would be very hard; therefore offshoring can cause language barrier concerns. Another issue with offshoring would be the different time zones. The products would have to be ordered at the right time because getting products internationally are hard to do. The products have to be in before a certain time. Although outsourcing makes it cheaper for goods, this may also cause many Americans to lose jobs. If outsourcing was not depended on, a company would have to do all the work by their self which would cost more and take longer. As you can see, outsourcing is a very important and useful thing when it comes to goods and services. It has some downfalls, but staying focused and planning ahead of time would be a very effective plan when hiring specialists or handling business overseas. Outsourcing only helps specialize in certain functions so that companies will not have to come out of pocket for extra expenses. Labor is also cheaper when it comes to outsourcing. How to cite Pros and Cons of Outsourcing, Papers

Database System for Relational Database - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDatabase System for Relational Database. Answer: Normalization The list of relations for the ASS Database are provided below: Client (ClientID (primary key), FullName, Address, Phone, Level) Car (RegNo (primary key), Model, Maker, Color, ProducedYear, CarPrice, WarrantyPeriod) PartUsed (PartID (primary key), JobNo (foreign key), Quantity, PartCost) Service (JobNo (primary key), JobType, Description, StartTime, FinishTime, LabourCost) Employee (EmployeeID (primary key), FullName, Address, Phone, EmployeeType, Qualification, Experience) Functional Dependencies The entities that are to be used for description in this report are client and Car The Functional dependencies for Client is provided below: ClientID FullName, Address, Phone, Level The client table has ClientID as the primary key and all the information regarding the clients can be acquired from the client table by using the ClientID. Hence the 3NF normalization for the relation is also maintained efficiently. The FullName, address, Phone and the Level express the transitive dependency for the table and also the data redundancy and the data duplication issues can also be resolved easily by the table. The Functional Dependencies for the Car table is provided below: RegNo Model, Maker, Color, ProducedYear, CarPrice, WarrantyPeriod The Car table has RegNo as the primary key and all the information regarding the clients can be acquired from the client table by using the RegNo. Hence the 3NF normalization for the relation is also maintained efficiently. The Model, Maker, Color, ProducedYear, CarPrice and WarrantyPeriod express the transitive dependency for the table and also the data redundancy and the data duplication issues can also be resolved easily by the table. Relational Database Implementation The relational database would be implemented in MS Access. Interesting Procedure that were learnt during the Course of this Assignment One of the very interesting concept about the database that was learned during the course of this assignment was that of the report and the sub report. It is very efficient to include a sub report within a repost that provides the information on various type of data for the assignment. Secondly the concept of date was also learned during the course of this assignment. The DateAdd() method and the Date() Methods were very efficient for obtaining different types of outcomes for the data fetching requirements of this assignment. In addition to this, the current data fetching process Now() was also very efficient and also allowed the queries to obtain the current date and time of the machine. The Most Complex Task in the Assignment The most complex task in this assignment was setting the constrains for the registration number of the cars for the clients. This procedure involves the use of input mask that was relatively new and did consume a lot of time before implementation. Hence, this is thought to be the most complex process in the whole assignment.

The Opium War Essays - Opium, ChinaUnited Kingdom Relations

The Opium War The Opium War The Opium War, also called the Anglo-Chinese War, was the most humiliating defeat China ever suffered. In European history, it is perhaps the most sordid, base, and vicious event in European history, possibly, just possibly, overshadowed by the excesses of the Third Reich in the twentieth century. By the 1830's, the English had become the major drug-trafficking criminal organization in the world; very few drug cartels of the twentieth century can even touch the England of the early nineteenth century in sheer size of criminality. Growing opium in India, the East India Company shipped tons of opium into Canton which it traded for Chinese manufactured goods and for tea. This trade had produced, quite literally, a country filled with drug addicts, as opium parlors proliferated all throughout China in the early part of the nineteenth century. This trafficing, it should be stressed, was a criminal activity after 1836, but the British traders generously bribed Canton officials in order to keep the opium traffic flowing. The effects on Chinese society were devestating. In fact, there are few periods in Chinese history that approach the early nineteenth century in terms of pure human misery and tragedy. In an effort to stem the tragedy, the imperial government made opium illegal in 1836 and began to aggressively close down the opium dens. Lin Tse-hs The key player in the prelude to war was a brilliant and highly moral official named Lin Tse-hs. Deeply concerned about the opium menace, he maneuverd himself into being appointed Imperial Commissioner at Canton. His express purpose was to cut off the opium trade at its source by rooting out corrupt officials and cracking down on British trade in the drug. He took over in March of 1839 and within two months, absolutely invulnerable to bribery and corruption, he had taken action against Chinese merchants and Western traders and shut down all the traffic in opium. He destroyed all the existing stores of opium and, victorious in his war against opium, he composed a letter to Queen Victoria of England requesting that the British cease all opium trade. His letter included the argument that, since Britain had made opium trade and consumption illegal in England because of its harmful effects, it should not export that harm to other countries. Trade, according to Lin, should only be in beneficial objects. To be fair to England, if the only issue on the table were opium, the English probably (just probably) would have acceded to Lin's request. The British, however, had been nursing several grievances against China, and Lin's take-no-prisoners enforcement of Chinese laws combined to outrage the British against his decapitation of the opium trade. The most serious bone of contention involved treaty relations; because the British refused to submit to the emperor, there were no formal treaty relations between the two countries. The most serious problem precipitated by this lack of treaty relations involved the relationship between foreigners and Chinese law. The British, on principle, refused to hand over British citizens to a Chinese legal system that they felt was vicious and barbaric. The Chinese, equally principled, demanded that all foreigners who were accused of committing crimes on Chinese soil were to be dealt with solely by Chinese officials. In many ways, this was the real issue of the Opium War. In addition to enforcing the opium laws, Lin aggressively pursued foreign nationals accused of crimes. The English, despite Lin's eloquent letter, refused to back down from the opium trade. In response, Lin threatened to cut off all trade with England and expel all English from China. Thus began the Opium War. The War War broke out when Chinese junks attempted to turn back English merchant vessels in November of 1839; although this was a low-level conflict, it inspired the English to send warships in June of 1840. The Chinese, with old-style weapons and artillery, were no match for the British gunships, which ranged up and down the coast shooting at forts and fighting on land. The Chinese were equally unprepared for the technological superiority of the British land armies, and suffered continual defeats. Finally, in 1842, the Chinese were forced to agree to an ignomious peace under the Treaty of Nanking. The treaty imposed on the Chinese was weighted entirely to the British side. Its first and fundamental demand was for British "extraterritoriality"; all British citizens would be subjected to British, not Chinese, law if they committed any crime on Chinese soil. The British would no longer have to pay tribute to the imperial administration in order to trade with China, and they gained five open ports for British trade:

Understanding Depth of Knowledge

Understanding Depth of Knowledge Depth of Knowledge (DOK) was developed through research by Norman L. Webb in the late 1990’s. It is defined as the complexity or depth of understanding that is required to answer an assessment question. Depth of Knowledge Levels Each level of complexity measures a students depth of knowledge. Here are a few keywords as well as descriptors for each depth of knowledge level. DOK Level 1 - (Recall - measure, recall, calculate, define, list, identify.) This category involves basic tasks that require students to recall information and/or reproduce knowledge/skills. This may involve simple procedures or working with facts or terms. Students do not need to figure out this level of DOK they either know the answer or they dont. DOK Level 2 - Skill/Concept - graph, classify, compare, estimate, summarize.) This DOK level requires students to compare and contrast, describe or explain, or convert information. It may involve going beyond describing, to explaining how or why. At this level, students may need to infer, estimate, or organize. DOK Level 3 - (Strategic Thinking - assess, investigate, formulate, draw conclusions, construct.) At this level students are required to use higher order thinking processes. They may be asked to solve real-world problems, predict outcomes, or analyze something. Students may need to access knowledge from multiple subject areas to reach a solution. DOK Level 4 - (Extended Thinking - analyze, critique, create, design, apply concepts.) Higher order thinking skills are essential at this level of DOK. Students must employ strategic thinking to solve problems at this level. Students will need to conduct, and synthesize as well as manage at level 4. Possible (DOK) Depth of Knowledge Stem Questions Possible Activities to Correlate Here are a few stem questions, along with potential activities that correlate with each DOK level. Use the following questions and activities when creating your common core assessments. DOK 1 Who Was ____?When did _____ happen?Can you recall_____?How can you recognize_____?Who discovered_____? Possible Activities Develop a concept map describing a topic.Create a chart.Write a summary report.Paraphrase a chapter in a book.Retell in your own words.Outline the main points. DOK 2 What did you notice about_____?How would you classify____?How are ____ alike? How are they different?How would you summarize_______?How could you organize______? Possible Activities Classify a series of steps.Create a diorama to illustrate an event.Explain the meaning of a concept or how to perform a task.Create a game about the topic.Make a topographical map. DOK 3 How would you test_____?How is ____ related to_____?Could you predict the outcome if____?How would you describe the sequence of_____?Can you elaborate on the reason of_____? Possible Activities Conduct a debate.Create a flowchart to show changes.Classify the actions of specific characters in a story.Explain a concept in abstract terms.Research and design an investigation to answer a question. DOK 4 Write a research paper on a topic.Apply information from one text to another to develop a persuasive argument.Write a thesis, drawing conclusions from multiple resources.Gather information to develop alternative explanations.What information can you gather to support your idea about _____? Possible Activities Create a graph or table to organize information.Create an idea and sell it.Write a jingle to advertise a product.Apply information to solve a problem that is in a novel.Develop a menu for a new restaurant. Sources: Depth of Knowledge s and Question Stems for Increasing Depth of Knowledge in the Classroom, and Webbs Depth of Knowledge Guide.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Discussion - Essay Example If a family still chooses that their own child needs to work in order for the family to go on, then 13 or 14 is an age where in other countries children have never reached, therefore it will be sort of an accomplishment. Education for All (EFA) was launched in Thailand in 1990 and 10 years later 176 countries were ready to gather to see and compare improves to revise and adjust for the better and for the future. A lot of countries have made it a priority to put education first, and we just need all countries as time goes on to do the same. Yes, I agree with this view. Educated children have better understanding and knowledge about their surroundings, wellbeing and awareness. Children at the age of 13- 14 years are quite aware, they can read and write and can understand the situation and therefore it is the need of time for the developing nations to march ahead and make education essential for the betterment of the children, the future citizens. I think all countries should insist on all children being in school at least to the high school level. Why education is important is due to the possibility of a career change later in life. For those who don’t hold a high school diploma or specialization, the options for a career change are often limited. I understand in most countries they would rather their child to work instead of school, but here in America there are people that work and go to school. Children are directed for education for career that is true and better degrees often provide a better job prospects. If a person has a diploma or a specialization then his/ her chances to procure a job will always be bright as compared to the one who left the school and has started working. No doubt the one who has started working earlier has more experience as a time factor but is not technically sound as compared to the one who possess the qualification. It is therefore

Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment Research Paper

Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment - Research Paper Example The emissions from the vehicles contribute much in the production of carbon emissions. Water pollution can be seen as the part of the pollution. Most of the creatures are found in the sea, oceans, rivers and streams and most part of the world is covered with water. Most of water present in the world is saline and thus undrinkable for the humans. Only 2.5% of the world’s water resources are fresh and available of the human utilization (nlm.nih.gov, 2012). Water pollution is a broad term that is used to depict the pollution related to the saline as well as fresh water resources. Water resources have much influence on maintaining the environment of the world. It is a fact that oceanic occurrences have much influence on the environment of the world as oceans are the producers of oxygen and maintain the temperature and humidity that are essential for the environment and human life. Pollutants produced by the humans are diverted to the water bodies like the rivers, streams, oceans a nd seas. Pollution penetrate the water bodies directly and indirectly that contaminate the water and make the water bodies incompatible for the creatures to stay alive in. Most of the pollutants are less bio degradable and maintain existence in the bodies of the marine creatures that comes in the food cycle of the humans. A news article informs that mercury is found in the fish that conforms that the most pollutants remain in the bodies of the marine creatures. Direct pollutant that are directed towards the water bodies are industrial wastes, wash over of industrial waste, oil waste, city sewage waste, chemical waste, waste released from ships and ship wreckage wastes. These types of wastes penetrate the water bodies and endanger the sensitive marine plant and animal species. On the other hand, the pollutants from the industries prevent the atmospheric oxygen from entering the water. Oil residue over the top of the water is the example of such pollutants that restrict atmospheric ox ygen from entering the water. On the other hand, the residues from the chemical industry including bleach that is mostly utilized in the textile manufacturing and washing is dropped into the water bodies that also restrict the oxygen from being entering the water bodies. If the water has no oxygen, no creature can survive in the water. The indirect pollution is the type of pollution that is not directly or willingly diverted to the water bodies. The aerosol emissions from the factories and vehicles move towards the seas and oceans and the particles and emissions are absorbed by the water that pollute the water and become a constant danger for the marine creature. The major reason of the motion of the particles towards the oceans seas and lakes is to obey the law of diffusion that states â€Å"diffused particles move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration†. In case of aerosol particles are in the region of higher concentration, which are m ostly cities, and industrial hubs, where as the regions of lower concentration are the oceans and seas. The green house emissions dissolve into the water and penetrate into the bodies of the marine creatures. Some of the most affected marine animals are the oceanic plants, fish species and particularly microscopic plants that contribute much in providing the food for the marine creatures. The most significant impact of the water pollution is the scarcity of water in major regions of the world. In

Defend the position that Plato takes that philosophers should be Essay

Defend the position that Plato takes that philosophers should be rulers, or the contrary, that rulers should not be philosophers - Essay Example Democracy in Athens has been full of individualism and political selfishness. In addition, most people living in Athens captured governmental jobs for their own self-centered reasons and finally divided the city into two hostile groups of the rich and poor. The other group formed was that of the oppressor and the oppressed. Conversely, Plato’s philosophy on virtue and justice greatly impacted democracy. Plato’s viewpoints provided a well-known place to the notion of justice. He was not happy with the existing decaying conditions in Athens. A number of his attacks majorly criticized the unpaid meddlesomeness and extreme uniqueness. He criticized the system of government through the creation of an ideal society where justice was embraced in all the activities within the city. This is because Plato had discovered that the problems in this context could only be treated by ensuring that people are treated equally and with a lot of justice. It is important to note that there had been a number of hypotheses of justice before Plato came into the limelight. Therefore, he had to reject the theories. For instance, he did not support the traditional theory of justice since he believed that justice was about saying the truth and settling one’s debt. According to Plato, the theories which were presented by Cephalus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon had a common element. They handled justice an achievement, importation, or convention. Therefore, he was able to verify that justice is not based on chance, togetherness, or external forces. He was able to provide different meaning of justice hence people could easily understand what he meant. For instance, the people living in Athens accepted that justice cannot be obtained without three elements (reason, spirit, and appetite). Democracy also prevailed after people had realized that their souls operated without affecting other elements in the body. There are also three categories of the social organism-philosopher

Importance of Political Theory

Importance of Political Theory POLITICAL THEORY Political Theory is generating an endless debate about its comprehensive definition; there are several views by theorists in understanding the nature of the discipline. There is need to clarify the meaning of key political ideas such as freedom, equality, justice etc. in a systematic manner. There is need to examine the arguments put forward by various political think-tanks in the justification of these concepts. In examining arguments, there is also need to reflect upon our modern political experiences and spot out trends and expectation for the future. Political Theory â€Å"is the combination of two words, ‘politics’ and ‘theory’. The word ‘Politics’, here stands for an identification of that which is to be â€Å"theorized† or â€Å" understood,† while ‘Theory’ comes from a Greek word called â€Å"theorema† which means what emerges from â€Å"theorizing.† ‘Theoros’ which means an intelligent observer, one who looks at what is going on, asking questions about it and tries to understand it. (LSE 1/1/54. Autograph).† John Plamenatz described political theory as the ‘systematic thinking about the purposes of government’ (Plamenatz, 1960: 37) and I think this definition is just as apt today as it was then. Political theory is, however, usually regarded as a distinctive approach to the subject, even though, particularly in the USA, it is seen as a subfield of political science involves the analytical study of ideas and doctri nes that have been central to political thought (Heywood, A. 2004). Political theory According to Farrell C. (2004), Political theory is thus a normative discipline; it is primarily concerned with how things ought to be as opposed to how things actually are. Leftwitch (1994), points out that one of the main contribution of political philosophy to our understanding of politics, is the potential for developing consistency and clarity of thought and judgment and that this process of clarification is not about analytical or explanatory activity: it is also about listening. According to Leftwitch politics is about conflict and its resolution, and resolving conflicts of interest occurs in all societies at all levels. Philosophical questions such as the nature of truth, will, determinism, etc. play a crucial role in argumentation, but we prefer the term â€Å"theory† because it seems less daunting and abstract; however we don’t see any substantive difference between theory and philosophy (Hoffman, etal, 2009). Political theory is not a question of whether political animals follow theory, but a question of which theory or concept is supported when they present policies and undertake actions (Hoffman, etal, 2009). Theory and concept are tools used interchangeably for political analysis with which we think, criticize, argue, explain and analyze to guide and inform political action. To argue that something is true is not to cast out all doubt, if something is true this does not also mean that it is not also false. It simply means that on balance one proposition is truer or less false than the other. To argue otherwise is to assume that a phenomenon has to be one thing or another; philoso phers call this dualistic approach (Hoffman, etal, 2009)†. Theorists are not only important to politicians: our notions of common sense and human nature are heavily infused with the views of thinkers we may never have heard of, for instance, Ben Barber tells us in his website that he was an informal advisor to President Bill Clinton between 1994 and 1999 because of his ability to bridge the â€Å"world of theory and practice.† I can contest as to whether the political leaders, acts according to the right political concepts, but it is irrefutable that their dealings are connected to theory. In relationship to what Hoffman says, to point out that â€Å"democracy† is good is both true or false, because even the true democrats would acknowledge some shortcomings of democracy and even the aggressive critics would agree that it has some positive component. According to Friedman, this vital freedom is found only in free market capitalist economies, in which ‘freedom’ in effect means the absence of government interference’. According to Mills (1859), â€Å"if all of mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one other person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would no more be justified in silencing that person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.† Thomas Hobbes for instance, described freedom as the ‘silence of the laws’. John Locke suggested that law does not restrict liberty as much as defend or enlarge it. Therefore I can argue that while I agree that individuals should be forced to be free on the other hand unconstrained freedom or liberty could amount to the infringement of other people’s rights. For example, people should be forced or encouraged to express their freedom of expression or movement or demonstration while taking into consideratio n the rights of others without infringing their rights. The idea of equality is perhaps the defining feature of modern political thought (Heywood, A. 2004). The most noticeable, and perhaps most imperative, manifestation of formal equality is the principle of legal equality, or ‘equality before the law’. In constructing his theory of ‘justice as fairness,’ Rawls appeals to the idea of the social contract. Cohen, portrayed legal equality as ‘market’ or ‘bourgeois’ equality, and argued that it operates as little more than a facade, serving to disguise the reality of exploitation and economic inequality. In constructing his theory of ‘justice as fairness,’ Rawls appeals to the idea of the social contract. A liberalist view, every person is blessed with reason or will, which hinges on individual rights, beliefs of rationality and self-interested. In true sense, however, equality does not mean the same treatment in as much as there can be no likeness of treatment as long as peopl e differ in want, capacity and need etc. As Walzer argued, different principles of justice may therefore be appropriate in different spheres of life. Rawls’s theory of the difference principle does permit inequality it does so only when such inequalities benefit everyone, especially the least advantaged. Dworkin’s principle, (2000) of equal concern requires us to compensate those who have handicaps and little native (or non-marketable) talents, there is a difference between someone who is less advantaged as a result of circumstances beyond their control (for example, being born with a severe handicap) and someone who is less advantaged as a result of their own choice (for example, choosing to live off welfare payments instead of working). For instance, when the government distributes fertilizer-subsidy or food items to the disadvantaged- I slightly agree with Rawls difference principle on one hand I do not agree on the other, especially the identification of the least advantaged. It is a little bit tricky for someone to qualify as a genuine needy person because it could encourage laziness to those who pretend to be the poorest. It is better for anybody to sweat in order to get something rather than getting anything on silver tray. History is evidently important, as part of exploration into modern challenges. My view, ‘political theory,’ is the ability to inquire into the political activity by using analytical tools such as concept, model and theory to dissect by believing the answers to the questions examined to have an important impact of what goes on in the real world. It is important for political academics to develop the critical skills necessary to explore new experience and new knowledge through the analysis of political ideas and their relationship to political practice. This experience in-turn informs the future. I can argue that academic political theory should ascertain to enhance the quality of public political debate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Farrelly C. (2004). Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory. Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory: An Introduction, 4th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hoffman J and Graham P. (2009). Introduction to Political Theory. Leftwitch A. (1994). What is Politics?

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

There are many things in our society today that unfortunately go overlooked. One such thing that is overlooked is the number of children who are being abused. Unfortunately these children are going through life not knowing whether or not their parents will loose their temper and perhaps kill them. There are many types of child abuse, such as physical, sexual, and emotional. Physical abuse is physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting, burning, or otherwise harming a child. Such injury is considered abuse regardless of whether the caretaker intended to hurt the child. Sexual abuse includes activities by a parent or caretaker such as fondling a child's genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that impairs a child's emotional development or sense of self-worth. This may in clude constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding love, support, or guidance. Emotional abuse is often difficult to prove and, therefore, Child Protection Services may not be able to intervene without evidence of harm to the child. Emotional abuse is almost always present when other forms are identified. Child abuse is a growing problem that has many causes and effects, but there are ways that we as a society can decrease the occurrence of this horrible event. Child abus...

Neoliberalism, A Very Short Introduction

Unilateralism a Very Short Introduction, is an excellent and concise presentation of the history and development of inalienable ideas. During the sass and 1 sass, the revival of the liberal ideas was known as inalienable. They spread around the world In a variety of size, forms and colors depending who, where and how Implemented them.The Washington Consensus MIFF, World Bank supported inalienable Ideas In the name of globalization and free markets, but at the end only benefited the insatiable reed of big financial institutions and multinational corporations. An Important part of these paper was dedicated to identify where this revival of ideas started, how they expanded through the world and the result and consequences of these policies. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Manfred B. Stager, is Professor of Global Studies and Director of the Globalize Research Centre at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia.His areas of expertise Include global studies, political and social theory, pe ace studies, and international politics. HIS most recent publications Includes The Rise of the Global Imaginary (POP, 2009) and Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (2nd deed, POP 2009). 1 Rave K. Roy, is a Lecturer of Global Studies and teaches International Development and Global Studies at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia. His research expertise is in economic policy and public policy.He Is the coeditor of Unilateralism: National and regional experiences with global Ideas (Rutledge, 2007) and author of Fiscal Policy from Reagan to Blair: The Left veers Right (Rutledge, 2004). 2 Manfred B. Stager and Rave K. Roy, Unilateralism a Very Short Introduction (Oxford, ENGLAND: oxford university press, 2010), 150. 2 Manfred B. Stager and Rave K. Roy, Unilateralism, 150. Unilateralism a Very Short Introduction, Book Review Manfred B. Stager and Rave K.Roy, the authors of Unilateralism a Very Short Introduction, made an excellent and concise presentation of the his tory and development of inalienable ideas. They wrote in simple and plain English and at the beginning of the book, they provided a very helpful list of abbreviations, charts, maps, and photographs. Even thought, the liberal ideas can be traced back to Adams Smith ND John Locke the latest revival of the liberal ideas occurred very recently. The first wave of liberal happened during the sass, a decade later there was a transformation of inalienable ideas.Even though, the two layers of inalienable ideas came at different times, the authors affirmed that they shared the same formula: â€Å"deregulation, liberalizing and prevarication,† were free markets and private initiative are the core ideological values. The main purpose of these paper was to investigate and bring to light where the inalienable ideas started, how the expanded wrought the world, and their consequences on the world economy. The revival of the inalienable ideas resurfaced on the United States and in Great Brita in during the sass.There were two waves of inalienable ideas, the two major exponents of the first wave of liberal economics were President Ronald Reagan and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Stager et al, believed that â€Å"These political leaders not only articulated the core ideological claims of unilateralism but also sought to convert them into 3 Manfred B. Stager and Rave K. Roy, Unilateralism, 14. Public policies and programmed. 4 In addition, the second wave of liberal economic policies were propelled by Bill Clinton and Tony Blair. Both considered center left politicians, who favored the liberal ideas with a sense of social responsibility.Reagan and Thatcher, both opposed the Keynesian ideas of government interventionism. President Reggae's economic plan based on inalienable ideas was swoon as Ergonomics. While Reagan was committed to a â€Å"smaller, decentralized government†¦ ,† on the other side of the Atlantic, the Iron Lady set similar policies. On the se cond revival of liberal ideas, President Clinton and Premier Blair promoted half way approach to liberal ideas while they incorporated parts of a social progressive agenda associated with the left. 5 While Silicon's strategy was known as market globalize, Flair's policy was known as Third Way. According to Stager et al, during the his administration President Clinton, â€Å"†¦ Undertook some of the most comprehensive deregulatory reforms of the 20th century. For example, the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 removed the legal divisions between commercial and investment banking as well as those between insurance companies and brokerage houses, thus scrapping one of the angers of such profound deregulation of the finance sector would not become fully apparent until the global financial crisis of 2008-9. â€Å"7 On the other hand, Flair's Third Way highlighted â€Å"†¦ Lobar cooperation and conscientiousness through international institutions. † 8 In addit ion, Blair New Labor ideas were 4 Manfred B. Stager and Rave K. Roy, Unilateralism, 21 . 5 Ibid, 31-51. 6 Ibid, Preface. 7 Ibid, 61 . 8 Ibid, 51 . Supported by social progress of individual attainment, which translated on the successful development of the private sector. Additionally, Blair developed the idea that government responsibility to support the growth of the private sector could be mixed with the function of the government to provide social services.Out of the revival of these new liberal ideas resulted on the Frankincense manifestation of the Chicago Boys at the Chicago School of Economics, unilateralism. While most developed nations welcomed inalienable ideas, they were introduced into Eastern Europe and Russian under the recipe of Shock Therapy that almost bankrupted their economies. 10 On the other hand, most undeveloped countries were lackeyed by the MIFF and World Bank into accepting the inalienable principles as a pre-condition of granting much needed loans.Within u nilateralism we found ideas representing America's core values of liberty, freedom, and democracy, but those ideas were also adopted by criminal De Facto or Communist anti-democratic regimes such as Chile's Augusto Pinochle or China's former president Jinn Gemini. Which confirmed that the Washington Consensus, MIFF and World Bank represented the greed of powerful financial institutions and multinational corporations not the core values of America. As result of inalienable policies, there were successive financial Mexico was short of stop payment on its debt.Subcomponents Marco's, lead an armed revolt that brought to light Mexico greatest social inequalities. On 1998 the Asian financial crisis threatened to push the global economy into recession. As result of the crisis, the Asian countries stop 9 Ibid, 52. 10 Ibid, 53- 56. Importing oil from Russian which then turned into recession. The Russian economy recovered, but its democracy never did. Lead by Vladimir Putting eventually Russi a became an oligarchy. In South America Brazil faced a currency crisis, but its neighbor Argentina defaulted billions of dollars in public debt. 1 Africa countries also faced economic problems. Ghana suffered greatest social inequalities as result of the imposed MIFF inalienable recipes. On 2007, The United States, underwent the most serious economic financial crisis since the Great Depression. Yet, the country have not fully recovered. In conclusion, Stager et al, made a great presentation of the history, development and failure of liberal ideas into unilateralism. The book was reader friendly, any person with a minimum knowledge on international economy loud benefit from reading it.In the sass and the sass, the two waves of inalienable ideas shared the same formula of deregulation, liberalizing and prevarication. As result of those ideas, several financial crisis developed around the world and The United States was among the countries that was negatively affected. After two decade s of inalienable polices, the world and the US economy were in recession. Some of those recessions were severe enough to bring the world into the brink of economic collapse. While America's reputation was damaged and its leadership position questioned internationally; at home, President George W.

Roman Emperor Septimius Severus

Roman Emperor Septimius Severus Severus came to power by disposing of rivals with a better claim to power than his own. His immediate predecessor was Didius Julianus. Septimius Severus died peacefully, leaving, as joint successors, his sons Caracalla and  Geta. Dates April 11, A.D. 145-February 4, 211 Reign 193-211 Places of Birth and Death Leptis Magna; Eboracum Name Lucius Septimius Severus Augustus (Severus) Occupation Ruler (Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was born in Africa, at the Phoenician city of Leptis Magna (in Libya), to a presumed equestrian (wealthy) family with consuls in it, on April 11, 145, and died in Britain, on February 4, 211, after reigning for 18 years as Emperor of Rome. Family Parents:  P. Septimius Geta, (equestrian) and Fulvia Pia Wife:  Julia Domna Sons:  Bassianus (Caracalla) (b. 188); Geta (b. 189) Following the murder of Pertinax, Rome supported Didius Julianus as emperor, but as Severus entered Rome having been declared emperor by his troops in Pannonia on April 9, 193 [DIR], the supporters of Julianus defected, he was executed, and soon the soldiers in Italy and the senators supported Severus, instead; meanwhile, troops in the East proclaimed Syrias governor, Pescennius Niger, emperor, and the British legions, their governor, Clodius Albinus. Severus had to deal with his rival claimants. He defeated Pescennius Niger at the A.D. 194 Battle of Issus not to be confused with the battle in 333 B.C., in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Great King Darius. Severus then marched into Mesopotamia, where he set up a new legion and declared war on Roman emperor Clodius Albinus. Even with the legions of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Spain, behind him, Albinus still lost to Severus in 197 near Lyon [see Lyon Museum], and committed suicide. The reputation of Septimius Severus changes with the times. Some consider him responsible for the Fall of Rome. According to [virtual-pc.com/orontes/severi/MoranSev193.html, 6/29/99] Jonathan C. Moran, Gibbon blamed Severus for the changes that led to turmoil and ultimate decay in Rome. The De Imperatoribus Romanis entry on Severus explains the charge: by giving greater pay and benefits to soldiers and annexing the troublesome lands of northern Mesopotamia into the Roman empire, Septimius Severus brought increasing financial and military burdens to Romes government. His reign was also considered bloody and according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he may have been involved in the murder of his predecessor, Pertinax. The Catholic Encyclopedia also says he persecuted the Christians and forbade conversion to Judaism and to Christianity. On the other side, Septimius Severus restored stability to the Roman Empire. He improved performance and increased morale by making (expensive) changes in the military and praetorian guard. He restored Hadrians Wall and was involved in other construction projects. He also played the part of the traditional emperor: He reformed the grain supply for the city of Rome.... He put on games... for the people to keep them diverted and on his side. He freed his friends from debt and gave donatives to the soldiers and people. He also heard lawsuits.... Severus also began appointing his own men to the senate, one the emperors traditional prerogatives.- [www.virtual-pc.com/orontes/severi/MoranSev193.html#1, 6/29/99] Severus and Traditional Auctoritas Print SourceSeptimius Severus: The African Emperor, by Anthony Richard Birley Also, see Historia Augusta - The Life of Septimius Severus Septimius Severus and the Severan Emperors Septimius Severus and his successors were known as Severan Emperors Septimius SeverusCaracallaGetaEmperors Pertinax and Didius JulianusRoman Emperors Timeline 2nd CenturyRoman Emperors Timeline 3rd Century Ancient Sources on Septimius Severus HerodianHistoria AugustaDio Cassius

Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal

Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal By Maeve Maddox A reader objects to the expression â€Å"a mutual friend†: I don’t care if Dickens did write a novel called Our Mutual Friend. Using â€Å"mutual† to describe a friend you didn’t know was also a friend of someone else is a misuse of the word. Mutual and reciprocal both mean, â€Å"directed toward each other.† For example, a â€Å"mutual admiration society† is a group of people who admire one another. â€Å"Mutual enemies† are people who hate one another. By the same token, â€Å"mutual friends† are people who reciprocate friendly feelings toward one another. Many speakers- perhaps most- use the phrase â€Å"mutual friend† in the following context: Sam is Joe’s friend. Sam is also Gloria’s friend. Joe and Gloria are friends, but they don’t know that Sam is a friend to both. One day, in speaking with Sam, Gloria learns that he just got back from a fishing trip with Joe. The next time that Gloria speaks to Joe, she exclaims, â€Å"Guess what! We have a mutual friend.† Purists would label this use as incorrect, arguing that the friendship between Joe and Gloria is mutual, but that Sam is â€Å"a friend in common.† One definition of common is â€Å"belonging equally to more than one.† We speak of â€Å"common sense,† â€Å"common beliefs,† â€Å"common interests,† and â€Å"common complaints.† Another meaning of common, perhaps more prevalent in British usage than American, is vulgar. Dickens could have named his book Our Common Friend, but he probably didn’t want the title to be interpreted to mean Our Vulgar Friend. The use of mutual might not have been strictly correct in the context, but its use eliminates misunderstanding. The Chicago Manual of Style includes a caveat against the use of mutual to describe a â€Å"third-party† friend: What is common is shared by two or more people: â€Å"borne by different mothers but having a common father.† What is mutual is reciprocal or directly exchanged by and toward each other: â€Å"mutual obligations.† Strictly, friend in common is better than mutual friend in reference to a third person who is a friend of two others. The OED has this to say about the use of â€Å"mutual friend† to mean â€Å"friend in common†: This use has in the past been censured as incorrect but it is nevertheless frequent. It has probably been used in preference to common on account of the ambiguity of the latter (which in many contexts could also mean ‘ordinary’, ‘mean’, or ‘vulgar’). In my view, objecting to the use of â€Å"mutual friend† in the sense of â€Å"a friend in common† is officious nitpicking. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowAwoken or Awakened?Mankind vs. Humankind

Open Family Communication Is Important Research Paper

Open Family Communication Is Important - Research Paper Example The range of areas elaborated comprises the following: (1) maintaining open communication amidst changes in location by means of various channels (2) the role of communication in preventing unfavourable and disadvantageous including, but not limited to, juvenile delinquency and drug abuse. This treatise points toward resolving questions on the subject of strong communication orientation and healthier parental relationship; open communication and founding moral values in children. THE IMPORTANCE OF OPEN FAMILY COMMUNICATION 2 Introduction Communication is not merely an art but likewise an important facet in building an ideal and healthy parental relationship. The lack or deficiency in communication among family members invites an augmented possibility of misunderstanding, disagreements and predicaments. Furthermore, poor communication orientation, particularly between parents and a child, assigns greater susceptibility on children to undesirable consequences including, but not limited to, juvenile delinquency and drug abuse. Thus, a strong communication is needed in order to preclude these possibilities. A research conducted by Kelly et al. (2002) proposes that, on the whole, parent-child communication serves as a strong protective factor with respect to the youth involvement with substances. Parents should therefore initiate discussions or display communicative behaviour more than their children. Besides, â€Å"†¦parents may be a more potent influence than they might perceive themselves to be† (Kelly, Comello, & Hunn, 2002). An unveiled communication between parents and children paves the way for ingenuousness and ideal parental supervision. The development of family relationship is typically determined by the quality of communication encompassing a home. According to Clark and Shields (1997), communication among family members is universally regarded as one of the most important and fundamental aspect of interpersonal relationships. Correspondingly , they added that it is â€Å"a key to understanding the dynamics underlying family relations† (Clark & Shields, 1997). In some cases, the quality of parent-child communication is rather slashed due to some changes in location or due to some inevitable transition, for example, when a child needs to provisionally separate from his parents to study at another location. Essentially, this particular subject matter interests the researcher because of its prevalent significance in terms of how THE IMPORTANCE OF OPEN COMMUNICATION 3 communication plays a crucial role in maintaining intimate association between parents and a child. Likewise, how dearth of parent-child communication affects the relationship of a child toward his or her parents and the consequences that could conceivably transpire as a result of this deficiency. In effect, this treatise intends to answer the following questions: (1) how does open parent-child communication precludes feasible emergence of undesirable co nsequences – including juvenile delinquency, drug use, and the like - affecting adolescents and young adults? (2) In what ways open parent-child communication can be perpetuated with respect to location, age or means of communication? Open communication does not only bring in healthy home relationship but it also moulds a child’s behaviour and personality. A study conducted by Elwood and Schrader (1998) found out

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Hinduism - Essay Example Current study examines the methods that can be used for the treatment of diabetes during the Ramadan fasting time. Regarding this issue several other themes – related with the specific subject - are going to be presented and evaluated. Under these terms, this paper is going to extensively refer to its main subject – as stated above – presenting at the same time the main aspects and the particular characteristics of a series of issues, which could be summarized to the following ones: a) What is diabetes and which are its main types? b) which are the most known – and the most developed – methods for the treatment of diabetes, c) is there any relationship between the development of diabetes and the nutrition habits of the population, d) the nutrition followed during fasting periods, especially the Ramadan, has been proved to have any impact on the progress of the treatment of diabetes and if yes, which are the main aspects of this impact? e) is the med ical staff prepared and trained appropriately in order to handle effectively the treatment of diabetes? A special reference to the competence of medical staff to adapt the diabetes’ treatment to the nutrition ‘ethics’ of the Ramadan fasting period is going to be made at this point, f) which are the prospects for the development of diabetes’ treatment during the Ramadan fasting period (reference to experiments made in the relevant field).

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation Thesis

The effect of reverberation and amplification on sound localisation - Thesis Example In reverberant environments, most hearing impaired listeners are aware to the disturbance of the signals caused by the reverberation. However, when reverberation is minimum, the actual cause of disturbance is not clear to them and hence can be very frustrating. Localising a sound source in the horizontal plane relies mainly on two different sources of information: The differences in time of arrival of the sound at the two ears, and the level differences at the two ears. These time and level differences are called interaural time differences (ITD) cues and interaural level differences (ILD) cues. Recent improvements in hearing aids, such as compression and filtering, can significantly alter ITDs and ILDs. The digital processing to input signals tend to restrict the availability of fine timing cues, forcing the listener to rely on level cues. The effect of digital processing in hearing aids on the hearing aid wearers use of localisation cues in different listening environments is not well understood. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of reverberation on the localisation abilities of normal hearing and hearing impaired listeners. Moreover, to investigate the effect of Siemens Prisma 2M hearing aids utilizing the localisation cues. Two main sets of experiments were conducted, The first set (4 experiments) were performed on normal hearing listeners to study the effect of reverberation and signal onset/offset times on their localisation abilities for different stimuli signals (i.e. Speech, high-pass speech-low-pass speech, pink noise, 4 KHz pure tone, and 500 Hz pure tone and under different reverberant environments. The second set of experiments was conducted on twenty eight Bilateral Siemense Prisma 2M wearers. They were tested under both reverberant and anechoic conditions, with and without the hearing aids. Signals used were speech stimulus, pink noise, high-pass pink noise and low-pass pink

Argumentative Essay Essay Example for Free

Argumentative Essay Essay In America there are so many people who live without healthcare. President Obama has tried hard to change that known fact by introducing and passing his new Obama Care Act. It is very important for people to have proper healthcare coverage, medical care, affordable medications, and for all healthcare services to be available to everyone, whether they are poor, middle class or rich. For most Americans, high quality care generally is readily accessible without long waits but at high cost. However, the uninsured and, increasingly, the underinsured, the poor, and members of underserved minorities often have poor access to health care and poor health outcomes. The health workforce is well trained, yet the United States faces a severe shortage of primary care physicians. Approximately 45% of the U.S. population has a chronic medical condition, and about 60 million people, half of these, have multiple chronic conditions; the CDC estimated these numbers during a recent survey. 2 Most Americans 250 million (84.2%) have some form of health insurance coverage. But an estimated 47 million Americans (15.8%) were uninsured for a year, as reported for 2006 by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. A survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 43.6 million people (14.8%) of all ages were uninsured at the time of the National Health Expenditure Survey interview in 2006. However, as many as 89.5 million people under the age of 65 years lacked health insurance for a least 1 month or more during 2006-2007, according to a study by Lewin and associates published by Families USA. In addition, another 16 million people can be  considered underinsured. People without health insurance are much less likely than those with insurance to receive recommended preventive services and medications, are less likely to have access to regular care by a personal physician, and are less able to obtain needed health care services. Consequently, the uninsured are more likely to succumb to preventable illnesses, more likely to suffer complications from those illnesses, and more likely to die prematurely. The U.S. health care system has much potential for improvement. Disparities related to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status has pervaded the U.S. health care system. In addition to the large numbers of Americans who lack adequate health insurance, the cost, quality, and utilization of health care services vary widely. Meanwhile, the need for long term care services and care coordination is increasing. Preventive care, cross discipline coordination, and proactive management of long term care might reduce the cost of care, but these services often are uncovered or poorly reimbursed. 3 Spending on health care in the United States has been rising at a faster pace than spending in the rest of the economy since the 1960’s. According to the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services- National Health Statistics Group states that in 2005, national health care spending amounted to approximately $2.0 trillion, or $6697 per person and 16% of the gross domestic product. By 2015, health care spending is expected to reach $4.0 trillion. People with large medical care cost are often chronically ill, disabled, or poor. Our society’s inability to provide continuous, coherent patient centered care for this group of individuals is one cause of the high aggregate cost of health care and contributes to the cost of public insurance programs. Patients who enter Medicare without previous insurance but with chronic illness will be sicker and more disabled and therefore more costly to that government program. Health insurance premiums increased drastically since the year 2005. Many have been unable to even afford health coverage. Employer based health insurance has been the basis for paying for health services since 1940, but  it is fast eroding under the pressure of relentlessly rising costs of care. Despite the growing need for coordination of health care services, government and private insures pay for health care services primarily on a episodic, visit related basis with few, if any, incentives for providing comprehensive, coordinated, and continuous care for the prevention and management of chronic illness. Primary care physicians now spend about 20% of their time in unreimbursed coordination of care tasks using the telephone or e-mail. Despite repeated attempts to rein in federal expenditures for Medicare and Medicaid, federal have continued to increase much faster than inflation in the entire economy. 4 The Medicaid program provides medical benefits to over 52 million people who meet categorical eligibility standards. The federal government and the state share responsibility for funding Medicaid. The success of the VA system in dramatically restructuring itself indicates that major gains can be achieved in the United States in improving health care access and quality while reducing costs. One response to rising health care costs has been the adoption of consumer directed health plans in which the individual takes greater responsibility for paying for care out of pocket rather than the employer or government. Unfortunately, for those with modest incomes, cost sharing has reduced medically necessary care, such as taking medicines for hypertension. The United States is in such a crisis when it comes to the health care system, yet is very important to see that every one of its citizens is afforded health coverage. People are sickly in this nation, like it is in other countries. The United States is in the midst of a primary health care workforce crisis that is expected to worsen in the next decade. The population is aging, and baby boomers are at a high, and a large amount of people will soon be over 65 years and at greater risk for needing care for chronic conditions. The United States should continue to work on having national policies introduced to the health care system to help guide training, supply, and the distribution of health care providers to better assist those in need of health coverage. It is very important to make this a reality, because we the  people of the United States need to be able to receive medical care, and health coverage, no matter if we are rich or poor in this society.

Alternate Ways of Measuring Performance Essay -- Essays Papers

Balanced Scorecard Alternate Ways of Measuring Performance Abstract Many organizations are usefully viewed as a web of relationships between and among various stakeholder groups. An organization may be defined as a "nexus of contracts," where said "contracts" are relationships that are marked by contributions from the various stakeholders in return for inducements provided by the organization. Over the long haul, the success of an organization is a function of the extent to which the needs and requirements of its various stakeholders can be integrated and balanced, without sacrificing any one to the other. There is, in this arrangement, mutual influence and accountability. It is the main thesis of this paper that many organizations would be well served by making use of the Balanced Scorecard as an alternate way of evaluating a company’s performance. Introduction Since its introduction in the Harvard Business Review in 1992, many corporate executives and information technology (IT) professionals have found the concept of Balanced Scorecard it to be a key strategic measuring stick of corporate success. Robert Kaplan and David Norton created balanced Scorecard, often referred to as BSC, in the early 1990’s. Today many large consulting firms like Pricewaterhouse Coopers and Earnst and Young have adopted the balanced scorecard concept. A balanced scorecard is a framework for translating strategic goals and visions into measurable results for the entire enterprise. The balanced scorecard starts with corporate strategies and objectives, and then uses financial and non-financial measures from across the company to create positive and negative indicators of corporate success for all levels of the organization (Kaplan and Norton, 1992). These indicators provide an in depth snap shot of corporate performance that managers and executives can use to clearly manage the company for success on a daily basis. Since the scorecard is based on key performance indicators (KPIs) that are directly linked to corporate goals, it provides a true measure of corporate success. These KPIs consist not just of financial indicators, but also of performance measures in customer satisfaction, internal process, and innovation and improvement (Kaplan Norton, 1992). The breadth and diversity provided by all four perspectives give managers an ideal cross-func... ...to a system of performance measurements that effectively communicate a powerful, forward-looking, strategic focus to the entire organization. This balanced concept allows an organization to evaluate its performance in different aspects other than financially acceptable balance sheets or income statements. Bibliography 1.) Atkinson A. A., Waterhouse, J.H., and Wells, R.B. (1997). â€Å"A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Performance Measurement.† Sloan Management Review (Spring, 1997, pp25- 37): Cambridge. 2.) Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David P., (1992). â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that Drive Performance.† Harvard Business Review (January-February 1992): 71-79. 3.) Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David P., (1996a). â€Å"Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy.† California Management Review (Vol. 39 No.1, Fall, 1996): 53-77. 4.) Kaplan, Robert S. and Norton, David P., (1996b). â€Å"Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System.† Harvard Business Review (January-February 1996): 75- 85. 5.) 5.) Nickols, Fred (1999). â€Å"Reconciling and Integrating Stakeholder Needs and Requirements.† COG News (Spring 1999)

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf Predation Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population

American Values in the Declaration of Independence Essay

In 1776, a semi-unified country signed one of the most important documents in history. Since then the nation has shown signs of how different the country was from 1776 to the present. The Declaration of Independence is based on the social contract theory of government and is focused on equality, freedom, and power. These values have been both supported and contradicted in American history (Jefferson, pg. 443). In the declaration, Jefferson states that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson, pg. 443). This speaks directly to the humanist theory of social contract that was prevalent at the time. One of the greatest political philosophers of the time was a man named John Locke. His ideas on governance were that no government could be effective without the consent of the governed and that should a government ever abuse its power â€Å"they break their contract with the people and therefore no longer enjoy the consent of the governed† and it is the right of the people to overthrow it (O’Connor &Sabato, pg. 9). When Jefferson explained that â€Å"these united colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent states† (Jefferson, pg. 46), his intent was to make clear that they would no longer look to another nation for guidance and support; that America would be its own sovereign nation from that moment on. One of the most contradictory aspects of the Declaration of Independence was its stance on the equality of man. Jefferson speaks candidly about it but what he refrains from discussing is the institution of slavery. The inconsistency of the two ideas almost screams off the page. It is not simply a forgotten issue on Jefferson’s part. He knew well that slavery was a problem in a nation he was purporting to be filled with equal men. Unfortunately the resolution to that issue had not as yet made its presence known and the Founding Fathers simply left it for future generations to figure out. When Jefferson stated that the United States were to be free, it began a period of time where Americans would begin to decide just what it meant to be an American. Values would be adopted; a cultural identity far removed from that of Europe would be founded. America, while separating itself from Britain, still had to wrestle with the fact that the rest of the world thought them nothing more than degenerate barbarians who were bucking the control of their superiors. However, between the landing at Plymouth Rock and the Revolutionary War, those little colonies had grown apart from Great Britain. Not just in distance but in cultural values as well. Feudal Britain could not understand the democratic America and vice versa. The humanist theories of the autonomy of the human spirit had really taken root in America whereas in Britain and other parts of the world the ideas were little more than words since there were already monarchical governments in place. While it is true that America based many of its systems on British techniques, there’s no denying that the emphasis of power and control rest far more readily in the rights of the individual rather than the rights of the nation. Of course this is not to say that America doesn’t have a few skeletons in their closet. Americans still to this day value their freedom and the idea of self-governance, but there was a time in history when this was forgotten. Around the turn of the twentieth century America annexed parts of the Philippines. This imperialist-style aggression towards another sovereign nation seems to fly in the face of everything America was built on especially since the Philippines had just won their own independence from Spain (by practically following the playbook that America had written. ) Another way to look at it would be to observe how America interacts with nations and people that are under a different form of government than their own. In a time where independence is lacking in other countries, the United States government tries to export its qualities to other non-independent countries. Even though at one point in time the United States became free on its own from higher powers, now America is the higher power trying to enforce independence in other countries. Though the United States has good intentions, it is not difficult to understand how other nations could see America as imperialist. America doesn’t want to expand its territorial boundaries but it has no problem trying to inflict their style of government on other nations. The Declaration discusses how much power the United States will have by stating that the newly independent olonies will have â€Å"full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do† (Jefferson, pg. 446). Power is one value that anyone can appreciate. No matter what country a person is from, at one point in time they wanted power. To give a country the qualities that Jefferson has quoted, â€Å"levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce† (Jefferson, pg. 446) it gives power to any country. In history, we have encountered when having too much power can leave one person to make bad decisions. For example, Ex-President Clinton, after two terms in office he was being accused of having extra-marital sexual relations in the White House. Then he continued to publicly lie to the United States about the affair. Later he was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice. This example shows someone who had so much power being the President of the United States that he thought he could get away with having an affair while he was in office. He will always be known for his impeachment. Though he had good qualities as a President, he obviously could not handle all the power that was given to him. It could be opined that the reason Bill Clinton was impeached, besides lying under oath, is that he went against a core American value that holds fidelity within the confines of a marriage to be nearly sacred. When he broke from that value, he broke the faith the American people had in him. In conclusion, the American values that necessitated the writing of the Declaration of Independence may have changed since it was written, but not by much. America is an autonomous land filled with people who have built a system of values and a cultural identity that is its own. No longer is Great Britain a threat and common wealth can be achieved easier. America is not perfect but it is unique. Where else on earth can people enjoy the freedoms that this nation affords its citizens? The values of independence and self-governance that brought the Declaration of Independence to life still remain a part of the social fabric. Granted, the people are not fighting against a foreign power anymore, but that same spirit that riled a nation to revolution still maintains its hold on the current system of government and keeps it in check so that this nation â€Å"of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth†.

Free Essays on Analysis Of “A Good Man Is Hard To Find“

Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† The short story by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, is about a family that takes a vacation to Florida and somehow along the way manages to get murdered by a man who calls himself â€Å"The Misfit†, and two of his friends. Flannery O’Connor’s story has many important elements, but what makes this story special is the combined use of character development and irony. The short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor was written in 1955 during a time when most people in small communities were very religious and followed the Christian faith very strictly. In the story, the grandmother and The Misfit briefly discuss religion, particularly about Jesus and the miracle of resurrection from the dead. O’Connor’s use of this religious belief appeals to the audience of the 1950’s in a way that puzzles the reader and creates a mysterious wonder of uncertainty for the antagonist of the story. With this character development, the grandmother makes a certain ironic mistake that causes The Misfit to think about the terrible things he has done. In the story The Misfit said, â€Å"Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead,† The Misfit continued, â€Å"and He shouldn’t have done it. He thown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then its nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the Wagers 2 best way you can- by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, â€Å"Maybe He didn’t raise the dead.† She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done. When he said, â€Å"I wasn’t there so I can’t say He didn’t.† The Misfit shows an emotional dought that maybe everything he ... Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Free Essays on Analysis Of â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Findâ€Å" Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† The short story by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, is about a family that takes a vacation to Florida and somehow along the way manages to get murdered by a man who calls himself â€Å"The Misfit†, and two of his friends. Flannery O’Connor’s story has many important elements, but what makes this story special is the combined use of character development and irony. The short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor was written in 1955 during a time when most people in small communities were very religious and followed the Christian faith very strictly. In the story, the grandmother and The Misfit briefly discuss religion, particularly about Jesus and the miracle of resurrection from the dead. O’Connor’s use of this religious belief appeals to the audience of the 1950’s in a way that puzzles the reader and creates a mysterious wonder of uncertainty for the antagonist of the story. With this character development, the grandmother makes a certain ironic mistake that causes The Misfit to think about the terrible things he has done. In the story The Misfit said, â€Å"Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead,† The Misfit continued, â€Å"and He shouldn’t have done it. He thown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then its nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then its nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the Wagers 2 best way you can- by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. The grandmother made the terrible mistake and said, â€Å"Maybe He didn’t raise the dead.† She sparks a fire of resentment and anger The Misfit has for all the bad things he has done. When he said, â€Å"I wasn’t there so I can’t say He didn’t.† The Misfit shows an emotional dought that maybe everything he ...

Animal Testing

Animal Testing Stroll down the health and beauty aisles of your local grocery store and you are likely to see a plethora of products you use on a daily basis. From shampoos to hair sprays and styling gels, concealers to nail polish removers, these are all products that aid us when it comes to our outer beauty. When deciding upon which shampoo to purchase, what goes into your decision making process? Is it the scent of the shampoo? How well the product cleans your hair and how it feels afterwards? Or do you even take into consideration whether it would irritate your scalp? What many do not take into consideration, is whether or not the product has been tested on animals. Envisioning a laboratory in which rabbits are bleeding as a result of poisonous chemicals being injected into their skin is not a pleasant thing to think about when buying health and beauty products, but it's a reality.Animal,Porkey Pig, Lobund-WistarAnimal experimentation, also known as vivisection in the animal rights community, h as become an accepted practice of cosmetic manufacturers across the globe and has stirred many ethical debates. These debates cause us to rethink the question: "Should animals continue to be used for scientific or commercial testing?"To animal activists, the answer is clear: absolutely not, animal testing is cruel and inhumane. According to the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), millions of cats, dogs, mice, primates, rats, rabbits, and other animals are locked away in laboratories across the country for the sole purpose of experimentation. These creatures live out the rest of their lives locked away in cages, which are stacked one on top of another in a plain cold room. Imagine spending the remainder of your life locked behind bars in a jail cell or confined to a hospital...

Funny Quotes About Women

Funny Quotes About Women Women are not easy to understand, at least according to the famous authors, poets,  entertainers, and comedians who have written on the nature of women. None of them claim to fully fathom the female mind. Find out what they really think of these  funny quotes about women - some written by men, some by women. Read wisecracks about a womans nature that make most women exclaim, Whats all the fuss about? But men say, How true, how true! Will Rogers There are two theories to arguing with a woman. Neither works. Robert Heinlein Women and cats will do as they please, and men and dogs should relax and get used to the idea. Nancy Reagan A woman is like a tea bag. She only knows her strength when put in hot water. Sigmund Freud Despite my thirty years of research into the woman soul, I have not yet been able to answer the great question that has never been answered: What does a woman want? Margaret Mead I do not believe in using women in  combat  because females are too fierce. Aristotle If women didnt exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning. James Thurber I hate women because they always know where things are. Malcolm de Chazal A woman knows how to keep quiet when she is in the right, whereas a man when he is in the right, will keep on talking. Freya Stark The great and almost only comfort about being a woman is that one can always pretend to be more stupid than one is and no one is surprised. Gloria Steinem Someone once asked me why women dont gamble as much as men do and I gave the commonsensical reply that we dont have as much money. That was a true but incomplete answer. In fact, womens total instinct for gambling is satisfied by marriage. Some of us are becoming the men we wanted to marry. Dave Barry Scientists now believe that the primary biological function of breasts is to make men stupid. Joseph Conrad Being a woman is a terribly difficult task since it consists principally in dealing with men. Ogden Nash I have an idea that the phrase weaker sex was coined by some woman to disarm some man she was preparing to overwhelm. Virginia Woolf For most of history, Anonymous was a woman. Charlotte Whitton Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily this is not difficult. Chris Rock There are only three things women need in life: food, water, and compliments. Mae West Good girls go to heaven. Bad girls go everywhere. Mike Vanatta Woman arent confusing. Theyre a Sudoku-Jenga puzzle surrounded by Rubiks cubes strapped to a terrorist screaming at you in another language. Ann Landers Women complain about sex more often than men. Their gripes fall into two major categories: (1) Not Enough. (2) Too Much. Harry Haenigsen Feminine intuition is a fiction and a fraud. It is nonsensical, illogical, emotional, ridiculous and practically foolproo..

Learning Theories for Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning Theories for Teachers - Essay Example The science of psychology focuses its study area on the mind of the individual, often drawing on cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses to measure and determine the mind's structures and functions. It is generally conceded that many human behaviors are learnt, and so psychologists have sought to identify a learning theory that explains learning processes. Education professionals, in turn, draw on this knowledge base to inform and provide ideal learning conditions for students. The text presents contemporary learning theories as emphasizing cognitive, socio-emotional and physical aspects of learning across the lifespan. This paper aims to present a review of the major learning theories used for teaching in the 21st century, especially noting the advantages of a cognitive-construcitonist approach. Firstly, the two major families of learning theory as conceived by Bigge and Shermis shall be presented. The specific theories of Skinner, Vygotsky, and Brunner shall be detailed. Secondly, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points of this paper, and provide support for education professionals to incorporate cognitive-interactionist theories into their classrooms. Bigge and Shermis identify the two major learning theories of relevance to current education as being the behaviorist and the cognitivist schools of thought. The behaviorists focus on observable behavior and reduced the learning experience to a process of stimulus and response. This psychology approach to learning was adopted in the USA during the early 1900s, when science and technology were experiencing a time of accelerated growth. Hence, the concept of studying measurable, objective, human behaviors aligned with current values of a modernized society embracing standardized production methods. For the extreme behaviorist, all human behavior can be understood through the processes of conditioning, these being classical and operant in form.An example of classical conditioning is Pavlov's dog that 'learns' to salivate when it hears a bell. B. F. Skinner is famous for his development of the principles of operant conditioning, that is, that any behavior is shaped by the consequences t hat follow it. Skinner pointed out that a positive, negative or neutral consequence following a behavior influenced whether a particular behavior was repeated in the future, or if it was not. So, a person learns new behaviors, or is able to modify existing behaviors, as a function of environmental events that either reward or punish that behavior. In this way, Skinner's learning theory is a move away from the traditional behaviorist approach of stimulus and response, as he differentiated between types of responses. When a response was elicited by a known stimulus is considered to be associated with the known stimulus. Alternatively, responses that do not require a specific stimulus, which he termed operants, are independent of the stimulus. Skinner emphasized that it was the operant response that could be strengthened or weakened by use of personal, social or environmental rewards or punishments respectively.Skinner's principles advocated the idea that learning could be 'programmed, ' which fit